Does the PhD hurt mental health, how is it measured, is it selection? A little of all three

Back in 2021, I wrote a substack called “Not Waving but Drowning” about the mental health struggles of PhD students. It was a substack discussing two, at that time, recent descriptive papers. The first was a meta-analysis of 29 studies coauthored by 12 people (including me) in Nature: Human Behavior. The other was about the mental health struggles of…